As China continues to age rapidly, whether the country should adjust the official retirement age, and if so, when and how, are currently major policy concerns. We examine the impact of postponing the retirement age on the human capital of China in the next four decades. Two critical aspects of human capital-health and education-are incorporated to account for the quality of the work force. Our projections reveal the impact of nine scenarios on the Chinese labor force in the next few decades, highlighting the changes in “the high human capital workforce”-those with good health and education. We show substantial impact with added work force ranging from 28 to 92 million per year depending on which scenarios are implemented. Furthermore, the retained workers are increasingly better educated. The gain in female workers is particularly significant, reaping the benefits of the education expansion since the 1990s.

Based on analyzing data of 19，528 oldest-old aged 80-105 from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study，we found that the age-specific mortality rates and disability in activities of daily living ( ADL) were substantially reduced among oldest-old individuals in 2008 compared with 1998，which was due to rapid socioeconomic development. However，we also observed significant increase in disabili- ties of physical performance and cognitive capacity among the oldest-old during the same period over 1998-2008. This is because remarkable advancements in medical technology and living standards enhanced longevity and“saved”quite a lot of frail elderly's lives and thus increased overall disability rates of physical and cognitive functions. We believe that the success of increasing human lifespan will come along with both benefits ( e. g. improvement in ADL) and costs ( e. g. worsened average physical and cog- nitive capacities) among the oldest-old. However，the costs may not be considered as“failure of success”，that was widely used in connection with the theory of expansion of morbidity in the literature of population aging studies，because it sounds too pessimistic and may mislead the public. We propose to use“costs of success”and“benefits of success”to summarize the co-existence of expansion of morbid- ity and compression of morbidity，as discovered in present and other studies. We believe that the society does not need to be scared about the“costs of success”，but rather try to face the challenges by sound policy actions to reduce the costs and increase the benefits of the success of longevity，and eventually a- chieve the goal of healthy aging.

According to the 2011 － 2012 wave data of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) ，passive smoking influences all life stages of Chinese elderly. Not only the prevalence of passive smoking is high in elderly's lives，but also the duration is quite long. From the perspective of individual's life course，this study shows that current passive smoking at home or public places，and passive smoking during childhood as well as young-or middle-ages increases the elderly's risk of depression; current passive smoking at home has an adverse effect on self-reported health. Meanwhile，passive smoking at home during childhood，young- or middle-ages and currently passive smoking at public places substantially increases the elderly's risk of daily life ability impairment . Moreover，passive smoking during young-or middle-ages as well as currently at public places increases the odds of self-reported chronic diseases. Finally，the positive relationship between passive smoking at public places and cognitive function may just reflect a selective effect of cognitive function on social participation at public places.